Latin America and Caribbean
Countries:
Bolivia
Colombia
Cuba
Ecuador
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Peru
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2009,[2]
- In 2009,
- This reveals no change since 2008, and a slight drop since 2007, when it was ranked 68.
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2009 |
|
Education Literacy gap between men and women; male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
94.8 |
|
Economic activity % of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
65.7 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, and in decision-making ministerial posts |
37.6 |
|
GEI value |
66 |
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
--- |
1.00 |
1.00 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.97 |
0.97 |
--- |
--- |
0.96 |
0.97 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
|
38.6 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
11.5 |
11.5 |
11.5 |
18.5 |
18.5 |
19.2 |
16.9 |
16.9 |
16.9 |
16.9 |
22.3 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on 8 February 2011 [4]
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [5]
·
· The most recent CEDAW report (the combined second, third and fourth periodic report) was examined in 2008. [6]
· Prior to that,
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- Through scholarship and literacy programmes the State has made efforts to reduce illiteracy and improve boys’ and girls’ access to and completion of education. |
- Women/girls still experience high illiteracy rates, low school enrolment and completion rates. - Recent educational reform has not dealt with gender stereotypes in education. |
|
Economic activity |
- The National Public Policy Plan for the Full Exercise of Women’s Rights (2004–2007), includes a policy on widening women’s access to and control of productive resources such as land and property. Between 1999-2004 women’s ownership of land increased by 31%. |
- Women have insufficient access to land, skills training, job opportunities good working conditions and social benefits, particularly in rural areas and among indigenous, older and women with disabilities. - Women’s earn 46% less than men on average. |
|
Empowerment |
- Five women ministers have recently been appointed and quotas for women’s participation in elected bodies have been established. However, the quotas have not been met. - Convention through the adoption of a number of laws, policies, and programmes, including the Family and Domestic Violence Act; the Executive Branch Reform Act promoting gender equality; the National Public Policy Plan for the Full Exercise of Women’s Rights; the National Maternity and Childhood Insurance Scheme. |
- There is insufficient representation of women in senior posts in many areas of professional and public life. - Discriminatory provisions still remain in the State party’s criminal and civil law. E.g. Article 317 of the Penal Code states there shall be no punishment in cases of rape and when perpetrators marry their victims. - National machineries for the advancement of women lack power and resources to effectively promote the Convention. - Violence against women in very pervasive and women lack access to justice. |
* These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
Download this information on a factsheet: Factsheet_Bolivia.pdf
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with those of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Blank boxes in the MDG chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[5] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[6] The report was considered by the CEDAW Committee at its 40th session in January and February 2008. It is available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws40.htm.
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2009,[2]
- In 2009,
- This shows no change, with
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2009 |
|
Education Literacy gap between men and women; male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
98.8 |
|
Economic activity % of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
69.7 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, and in decision-making ministerial posts |
56.5 |
|
GEI value |
75 |
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
1.00 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.98 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.10 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
1.10 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
1.10 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.11 |
1.10 |
--- |
--- |
| Share of Women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector (%) |
1.09 |
1.10 |
1.08 |
1.09 |
1.08 |
1.08 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
0.99 |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
11.8 |
11.8 |
11.8 |
12.0 |
12.0 |
12.0 |
12.1 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [5]
·
· The most recent CEDAW Committee examination of
· The Committee has invited
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- The illiteracy rate among women has decreased. - Over the last decade, female enrolment in primary, secondary and university education has increased. - In 2003, women occupied 67.8 percent of students in higher education, earning 55.22 percent of credits. - - The Gender and Diversity Education Programme seeks to eliminate stereotypes in the educational system. |
- The impacts of gender equality educational measures are inadequately monitored. - There is insufficient research and analysis regarding the social impacts and other consequences of persistence of gender stereotypes and inequality. |
|
Economic activity |
- Between 1992 and 2001, the rate of economically active women rose from 37 to 42 percent. - - The Ministry of Agriculture and the Presidential Advisory Office on Gender Equality agreed a programme that promotes the economic empowerment of |
- Despite increasing economic activity amongst women, female unemployment has sharply increased. - Growing labour market participation rates among the poorest women reflects the feminisation of poverty and there are particularly high levels of poverty among women living in rural areas. - The rising proportion of female heads of household in the informal sector is associated with poverty. |
|
Empowerment |
- Women’s participation rose by 3.57 percent in the executive branch and 5.53 percent within agencies. - The Quota Act of 2000 guarantees women at least 30 percent of discretionary appointments at the highest decision-making levels and high-level management posts in all public entities. - - The National Agreement on Equality between Women and Men was made in October 2003 and women’s equality was included in the 2006-2010 National Development Plan. - - - Measures to improve women’s health, including sexual and reproductive health, have been taken, such as the Sexual and Reproductive Health. |
- Based on 2003 data from 112 national entities, women occupied only 28 percent decision-making level posts. - Internally displaced women and children and female heads of household continue to be disadvantaged and vulnerable to all forms of violence; and have less access to health, education, social services, employment and other economic opportunities. - Human trafficking is a persistent problem, including the trafficking of women and girls for sex tourism, drugs trade and economic exploitation. There is insufficient data on the incidence of internal trafficking. - There are high maternal mortality rates as well as high numbers of illegal and unsafe abortions, especially among poor, rural and indigenous and Afro-descendent women. |
- These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with those of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Blank boxes in the MDG chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[5] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[6]
[7] Reports for
[8] Reports for
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2009, [2]
- In 2009,
- This reveals little improvement since 2008 and 2007, when
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2009 |
|
Education Literacy gap between men and women; male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
96.7 |
|
Economic activity % of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
52 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, and in decision-making ministerial posts |
61.7 |
|
GEI value |
70 |
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.96 |
0.97 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
1.05 |
1.06 |
0.99 |
0.98 |
1.02 |
1.01 |
1.02 |
1.00 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
1.21 |
1.16 |
1.27 |
1.37 |
1.76 |
1.74 |
1.65 |
1.85 |
1.69 |
1.68 |
--- |
| Share of Women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector % |
42.3 |
42.8 |
42.3 |
42.8 |
42.6 |
42.6 |
42.7 |
43.7 |
43.4 |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
27.6 |
27.6 |
27.6 |
36.0 |
36.0 |
36.0 |
36.0 |
36.0 |
43.2 |
43.2 |
43.2 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on 6 February 2011 [4]
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [5]
·
·
· The most recent CEDAW report (the fifth and sixth periodic report) was examined in 2006. [6]
· Prior to that, a fourth periodic report was submitted in 2000.
· The combined seventh and eighth periodic report was due in 2010. [7]
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- In a country of 99.8% literacy gender parity has been achieved in primary and secondary school enrolment. |
- Women’s educational choices largely reflect the persistence of gender stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society. - Roma girls remain in a vulnerable position in regards to education (among other areas). |
|
Economic activity |
- There is only a slight gender difference in wages for men and women - for every 100 pesos earned by a man, on average women earn 96 pesos. - A high percentage of women are pursuing careers in scientific and technical fields. |
- There is insufficient information regarding women’s participation in the labour market. |
|
Empowerment |
- There has been progress in women’s participation in parliament. Following the 2003 general election 35.95 per cent of deputies were women, an increase from 27.6 % in the previous legislature. - The Penal and Family codes now include provisions on domestic violence, and government counselling centres are provided for women, including for those who have been abused. |
- The participation of women in the public and political spheres at the local level and in the country’s Foreign Service is low. - Patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family undermine women’s rights and are a root cause for the persistence of violence against women. |
* These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
Download this information on a factsheet: Factsheet-Cuba.pdf
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with those of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Blank boxes in the MDG chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[5] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[6] The report was considered by the CEDAW Committee at its 36th session in August 2006. It is available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws36.htm.
[7] As of February 2011, this report has not yet been submitted: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW.C.2011.48.2.pdf
Links:
SEMLAC: Servicio de Noticias de la Mujer de Latinoamérica y el Caribe
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
In 2008, Ecuador had a value of 71, with the greatest gender inequalities being in the area of ‘empowerment’, but near gender parity in education.
- In 2008, Ecuador ranked 43 out of 157 countries.
- This reveals little change since 2007, when Ecuador had a value of 72 but a significant increase of 22.3 since 2004.
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2008 |
|
Education literacy gap between men & women; male & female enrolment rates in primary, secondary & tertiary education |
99.1 |
|
Economic activity % of women & men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
64.3 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial & administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, & in decision-making ministerial posts |
49.0 |
|
GEI value |
71 |
Source: Social Watch 2008, Social Watch 2007
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [2]
Goal: Promote gender equality & empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary & secondary education, preferably by 2005, & in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary & tertiary education; Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old; Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
0.99 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
1.02 |
1.02 |
1.01 |
1.02 |
1.00 |
1.01 |
1.02 |
1.01 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
1.22 |
--- |
--- |
|
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (%) |
37.3 |
36.8 |
36.2 |
37.1 |
36.6 |
38.0 |
36.6 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
17.4 |
14.6 |
14.6 |
16.0 |
16.0 |
16.0 |
16.0 |
25.0 |
25.0 |
27.6 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators (Data last updated on 14 July 2009)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [3]
- Ecuador was one of the first countries to ratify the Convention in November 1981 and ratified the Optional Protocol in February 2002.
- The most recent CEDAW report (the combined sixth and seventh periodic reports) was examined in 2008[4]. Prior to that, a combined fourth and fifth periodic report was submitted in 2003.
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- The Ministry of Education and Culture has made efforts to eliminate illiteracy, for example, the “Yes I Can” programme. - Gender parity in primary and secondary education enrolment has been achieved |
- Women and girls are more likely to drop-out of school and the enrolment rate is still lower for indigenous and rural girls. - Less women access higher education and subject choices reflect gender stereotypes. |
|
Economic activity |
- The government has recently expanded the Human Development Bond Cash Transfer Programme and the Programme for the Advancement of Rural Women (Promujeres). - Indicators show an improvement in the number of day-care centres and other institutional care services for children that allow women to carry out activities outside the home, including work. |
- Women face high levels of un- and under-employment and a lower income than men, particularly rural women and women that head-households. - Migrant, asylum-seeking, indigenous women and women of African descent are pushed into the informal economy and are vulnerable to sexual exploitation. - Resources to promote the situation of women are focused on sectors related to ‘traditional’ roles – such as, mothers and caretakers. |
|
Empowerment |
- The new Constitution (2008) provides for a specific mechanism to promote gender equality. - Ecuador has adopted many laws and policies, to promote equality. E.g. the Equal Opportunity Plan, the Political Participation Act and a programme to support victims of violence. rose to 25%, a 20% increase over the 1996 elections and the number of women elected as provincial and local councilors has increased. - The System of Social Indicators now includes a system on women. |
- There is a disparity between policies on, and the implementation of, strategies to promote women’s rights including their participation in public life. - Insufficient resources have been allocated to deal with the high levels of domestic and sexual violence against women and girls. |
* These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
Download this information on a factsheet: Factsheet_Ecuador.pdf
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women & men with regards to education, economic participation & empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with that of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps & track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic & environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality & women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, & by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[3] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[4] The report was considered by the CEDAW Committee at its 42nd session in November 2008. It is available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/265/02/PDF/N0726502.pdf?OpenElement.
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Share of Women in wage employment in the non agricultural sector |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
3.6 |
--- |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on 19 February 2011.[4]
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [5]
·
·
· The first and only CEDAW session in which
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- School textbooks have been revised and teachers trained to eliminate gender stereotypes. - In 2001 and 2002, the overall enrolment rate between the ages of 6 and 24 was almost gender equal: 45.3% female and 46.6% male. |
- Illiteracy rates among women are high, especially in rural areas where there is less access to education. - There is a high incidence of sexual harassment in schools. - Girls have high dropout rates. |
|
Economic activity |
- The Labour Code stipulates equal pay for work of equal value regardless of sex, and provides for job security during pregnancy. |
- There are high rates of unemployment, low-income and informal sector work among women. - Females are segregated (both in terms of type of job and in levels of seniority) in the labour market, working mainly in service sector (especially domestic service). - The Labour Code contains no specific provisions for women in the agricultural sector. |
|
Empowerment |
- Gender equality policies and plans are carried out through the Directorate for Gender Mainstreaming and protocols for cooperation with other ministries (including gender focal points in each ministry). |
- There is low female representation in elected bodies (national and local) and in public administration. - Haitian women have limited awareness of their rights. - Deep-rooted patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes about gender persist in society, the family and the workplace. - Domestic legislation prohibiting discrimination against women and providing sanctions for such discrimination is needed. - Proposed anti-trafficking legislation needs to be finalised, and laws prohibiting violence against women drafted. - The Ministry for the Status of Women and Women’s Rights has inadequate resources. - Domestic violence, rape and incest are serious problems. |
· These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
Download this information on a factsheet: Factsheet_Haiti.pdf
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with those of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures for the majority of countries are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Blank boxes in the MDG chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[5] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[6] Reports for
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2009,[2]
- In 2009,
- This reveals no change since 2008 when
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2009 |
|
Education Literacy gap between men and women; male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
99.1 |
|
Economic activity % of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
53.6 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, and in decision-making ministerial posts |
54.2 |
|
GEI value |
69 |
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
1.01 |
1.01 |
--- |
--- |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
--- |
|
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
1.25 |
1.27 |
--- |
|
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
1.26 |
1.26 |
1.39 |
1.41 |
1.41 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
1.51 |
--- |
|
|
Share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector [4] |
--- |
33.8 |
32.9 |
32.7 |
34.2 |
33.4 |
34.0 |
33.7 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
18.0 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on 18 March 2011. [5]
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [6]
·
· The most recent CEDAW report (combined fourth, fifth and sixth periodic reports) was examined at the 39th session in 2007. [7] The next report is due in April 2012.
· Prior to that, the third periodic report was submitted in 1992.
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- The government works with education institutions to remove stereotyped images of women and men from curricula. - Some parity in education has been achieved although in general illiteracy is high and school attendance fairly low. |
- Patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and society persist. |
|
Economic activity |
- The government has developed a policy on gender equality in agriculture and the country’s first national equal opportunities plan, although a lack of resources hinders implementation. |
- There is occupational segregation in the labour market and a persistent wage gap. - Women are concentrated in the informal sector and domestic work with no benefits provided under the Labour Code. - Exploitation of girls working in domestic service and of the predominantly female workers in factories producing tax and tariff free goods (maquiladoras) is a problem. |
|
Empowerment |
- A female president of the Supreme Court has been appointed and eight out of 15 judges of the Supreme Court are women. - There is a 30% quota for women candidates for publicly elected positions but women remain underrepresented in politics. - The government has established courts on domestic violence, the Special Public Prosecutor’s Office for Women and a law on domestic violence. All lack resources. |
- The provisions of CEDAW are not sufficiently known by legal professionals. - The revision of discriminatory legislation has been extremely delayed. - Patriarchal ideologies of public institutions and political parties are the main obstacle to promoting women’s political participation. - Women’s ability to bring cases of discrimination before the courts is limited due to a lack of support and the attitudes of law enforcement and judicial officials. - Only 2.5% of all complaints of domestic violence filed with the police in 2006 have been resolved. |
* These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with that of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Only the ‘total paid employment’ figures are available in the ‘share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector’ section.
[5] Blank boxes in the chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[6] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[7] Reports for
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2009,[2]
- In 2009,
- This reveals no change since 2008 and 2007, when
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2009 |
|
Education Literacy gap between men and women; male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education |
98.5 |
|
Economic activity % of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
36.4 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament and in decision-making ministerial posts |
19.7 |
|
GEI value |
52 |
Source: Social Watch http://www.socialwatch.org/node/11760
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [3]
Goal: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ü Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
Ü Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old
Ü Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector
Ü Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
1.01 |
1.01 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
0.98 |
0.97 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
1.17 |
1.17 |
1.17 |
1.13 |
1.13 |
1.13 |
1.14 |
1.13 |
1.13 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
--- |
1.08 |
1.08 |
1.09 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector (%) |
--- |
--- |
39.5 |
38.6 |
38. 3 |
38.6 |
38.1 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
9.7 |
9.7 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
18.5 |
18.5 |
18.5 |
20.7 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators website: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx. Data last updated on 8 February 2011. [4]
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [5]
·
· The most recent CEDAW report (the sixth periodic report) was examined in 2007. [6]Prior to that, a combined fourth and fifth periodic report was submitted in 2001.
· The seventh and eighth periodic report was due in 2010. [7]
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
The gross ratio for girls (35.5%) is slightly higher than that for boys (34.8%) at primary and secondary levels. - The retention at the secondary level is higher for girls (93.6 %) than it is for boys (90.1 %). |
- Generally there is a low participation of both boys and girls in education. |
|
Economic activity |
- The Labour Code stipulates that women and men have the right to equal access to work and equal treatment and pay. - The Inter-Institutional Commission for Women and Rural Development has developed a plan of action on access to land, credit and technical assistance. However, women still experience high levels of poverty and lack of resources. |
- Unemployment among women is high and they are concentrated in informal-sector work, leading to high levels of out migration. - There are no legal provisions regarding sexual harassment and little protection for domestic workers. |
|
Empowerment |
- The National Development Plan and the National Programme’s objectives include improving women’s political participation. - The two main political parties have quotas for women in their party structure. - Women represent over 60 per cent of the total number of judges. - Measures to enhance women’s access to justice include: a pilot project for low-income social groups in various parts of the country; establishing a gender commission in the judicial branch; the expansion a programme to increase rural women's access; and the implementation of a care programme for victims of domestic or sexual violence in certain regions. |
- There has been a long delay in the enactment of a comprehensive legal framework to ensure women’s rights. |
· These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women and men with regards to education, economic participation and empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with those of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps and track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] 2009 is the latest year for which GEI figures are available.
[3] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic and environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality and women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, and by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[4] Blank boxes in the MDG chart indicate an absence of statistics on the UNSD website.
[5] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[6] The report was considered by the CEDAW Committee at its 37th session in 2007. It is available at: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/cedaws37.htm.
[7] As of February 2011, this report has not yet been submitted: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/CEDAW.C.2011.48.2.pdf
Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) [1]
- In 2008, Peru had a value of 69, with the greatest gender inequalities being in the area of ‘empowerment’. Peru has, however, almost achieved gender parity in education.
- In 2008, Peru ranked 54 out of 157 countries.
- This reveals a drop since 2007, when Peru had a value of 65 but an increase of 21.7 since 2004.
|
Gender Equity Index Indicators |
2008 |
|
Education literacy gap between men & women; male & female enrolment rates in primary, secondary & tertiary education |
96.8 |
|
Economic activity % of women & men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture; income ratio of men to women |
63.4 |
|
Empowerment % of women in professional, technical, managerial & administrative jobs; number of seats women have in parliament, & in decision-making ministerial posts |
47.8 |
|
GEI value |
69 |
Source: Social Watch 2008, Social Watch 2007
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 [2]
Goal: Promote gender equality & empower women
Target: Eliminate gender disparity in primary & secondary education, preferably by 2005, & in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators: Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary & tertiary education; Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old; Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament
|
MDG 3 Indicators |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
|
Gender parity index in primary level enrolment |
0.99 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.01 |
1.01 |
1.01 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in secondary level enrolment |
0.93 |
0.93 |
0.93 |
1.00 |
1.01 |
1.02 |
1.03 |
1.04 |
--- |
--- |
|
Gender parity index in tertiary level enrolment |
--- |
0.97 |
1.07 |
1.07 |
1.02 |
1.02 |
1.06 |
--- |
--- |
--- |
|
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (%) |
41.3 |
42.9 |
43.4 |
43.0 |
41.7 |
41.8 |
42 |
42.9 |
--- |
--- |
|
Seats held by women in national parliament (%) |
10.8 |
20.0 |
18.3 |
18.3 |
18.3 |
18.3 |
18.3 |
29.2 |
29.2 |
29.2 |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Goals Indicators (Data last updated on 14 July 2009)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [3]
Peru was one of the first countries to ratify the Convention in September 1982 and it ratified the Optional Protocol in 2001 without reservations.
- The most recent CEDAW report (the sixth periodic report) was examined in 2007[4]. Prior to that, the fifth periodic report was submitted in 2002.
|
CEDAW Country Report |
Key Improvements* |
Key Challenges* |
|
Education |
- The Rural Girls' Education Act was widely distributed to the media and became law in 2001, |
- Despite parity in enrolment girls have a low level of education and literacy. Truancy and school drop-out rates are high. Girls from rural areas face significant disadvantages in access to and quality of education. - High rate of teenage pregnancies present a significant obstacle to girls’ educational opportunities. |
|
Economic activity |
- The National Equal Opportunity Plan includes a principle on equality in the labour market and control of resources. |
- Women face a high risk of consistent poverty and social exclusion, especially Afro-Peruvian and indigenous women and children and girls working on the street. |
|
Empowerment |
- Peru has increased the number of women in political positions and has a quota of 30% women or men for the lists of candidates for Congress. Yet, |
- Women are still under-represented in public administration, the judiciary and at local levels of governance. - National legislation does not adequately deal with gender equality. - Violence and discrimination against women is pervasive, particularly against indigenous, rural and minority women who also confront barriers to justice. |
* These lists are exemplary; information about other issues relevant for the SDC-country portfolio can be downloaded from the CEDAW-site, according to the needs of the respective user.
Download this information on a factsheet: Factsheet_Peru.pdf
[1] The GEI measures the gap between women & men with regards to education, economic participation & empowerment, based on internationally available comparable data. By comparing the most recent statistics with that of five years ago, the GEI is able to highlight recent trends in bridging these gender gaps & track progress towards gender equality. The GEI value is an average of the values obtained in the three dimensions. It ranges from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating greater gender inequality. A value of 100 would indicate no gender gap at all in each of the three dimensions.
[2] The MDGs are a set of eight goals, with 18 targets to be measured by 48 quantifiable social, economic & environmental indicators – to be achieved by 2015, reflecting the world’s main development challenges. Goal 3 focuses on gender equality & women’s empowerment. The MDGs have been viewed by some gender advocates as a distraction, & by others as a strategic entry point for promoting gender equality.
[3] Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years, on measures they have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
[4] The report was considered by the CEDAW Committee at its 37th session in 2007. It is available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/301/07/PDF/N0430107.pdf?OpenElement.
